Comparison of structural and flow-based approaches for vulnerability analysis of multilayer network systems

Authors

  • Олександр Поліщук

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2026.42.005

Keywords:

міжсистемні взаємодії, багатошарова мережева система, потокова модель, цілеспрямована атака, нецільове ураження, транспортна система.

Abstract

The paper presents a comparative analysis of structural and flow-based approaches to studying the consequences of a disruption of the process of intersystem interactions, which is described by partially overlapped monoflow multilayer network systems (MLNS). Structural and flow models of MLNS are presented and structural and functional indicators of the importance of separate layers of the multilayer system are determined. Based on these indicators, a scenario of the most probable system-wide attack on MLNS is constructed. Using the example of the general transport system of Ukraine, the consequences of its disruption during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and the russian-ukrainian war are analyzed. Significant advantages of the flow-based approach for studying the consequences of large-scale targeted attacks and non-targeted damage to multilayer network systems are shown.

References

Polishchuk O., Structural and flow-based approaches to vulnerability analysis of complex network systems. In: Complex Networks and their Applications XIII, Vol. 3. Springer, Cham, 2024, pp. 353-365. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-82435-7_29.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-82435-7_29

Polishchuk O., Protection of multilayer network systems from successive attacks on the process of intersystem interactions. CEUR-WS, Vol. 3790, 2024, pp. 545-557.

https://doi.org/10.32388/RH65Y6

Polishchuk O., Polishchuk D., Protection of multilayer network systems from targeted group attacks. arXiv:2503.20269, 2025. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.20269.

https://doi.org/10.32388/RH65Y6

Kaur H. et al., A Review: Epidemics and Pandemics in Human History. International Journal of Pharma Research and Health Sciences, Vol. 8(2), 2020, pp. 3139-3142. doi: 10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01.

https://doi.org/10.21276/ijprhs.2020.02.01

Kress M., Modeling Armed Conflicts. Science, Vol. 336(6083), 2012, pp. 865-869. doi: 10.1126/science.1217724.

https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1217724

Ehret U., Understanding the Popular Appeal of Fascism, National Socialism and Soviet Communism: The Revival of Totalitarianism Theory and Political Religion. History Compass, Vol. 5(4), 2007, pp. 1236-1267. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00438.x.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00438.x

Do Y., Choi M.B., Network analysis for co-occurrence of pest insects on host crops. Entomological Research, Vol. 49(1), 2019, pp. 35-45. doi: 10.1111/1748-5967.12333.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-5967.12333

Emer C., Timóteo S., How a network approach has advanced the field of plant invasion ecology. In: Plant Invasions: The Role of Biotic Interactions. CABI, Wallingford, UK, 2020, pp. 324-339. doi: 10.1079/9781789242171.0018.

https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0018

Chenlia M., Bannerman S., Abrokwah E., Reviewing the global economic impacts and mitigating measures of COVID-19. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 33(13-14), 2022, pp. 1573-1587. doi: 10.1080/14783363.2021.1981130.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2021.1981130

Bluszcz J., Valente M., The Economic Costs of Hybrid Wars: The Case of Ukraine. Defence and Peace Economics, Vol. 33(1), 2022, pp. 1-25. doi: 10.1080/10242694.2020.1791616.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2020.1791616

Boccaletti S. et al., The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks. Physics Reports, Vol. 544(1), 2014, pp. 1-122. doi: 10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2014.07.001

Alvarez-Zuzek L.G. et al., Dynamic vaccination in partially overlapped multiplex network. Physical Review E, Vol. 99, 2019, 012302. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.1804.10593.

https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.99.012302

Berlingerio M. et al., Multidimensional networks: foundations of structural analysis. World Wide Web, Vol. 16, 2013, pp. 567-593. doi: 10.1007/s11280-012-0190-4.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-012-0190-4

Barabási A.-L., The architecture of complexity. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, Vol. 27(4), 2007, pp. 33-42. doi: 10.1109/MCS.2007.384127.

https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2007.384127

Polishchuk O., Polishchuk D., Vulnerability of multilayer network systems to system-wide lesions. arXiv:2503.21161, 2025. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.21161.

Polishchuk O., Yadzhak M., Models and methods of complex study of complex network systems and intersystem interactions. Lviv: Institute of Applied Problems of Mechanics and Mathematics named after Ya.S. Pidstryhach of NAS of Ukraine, 2023.

Transport Ukrainy [Transport of Ukraine]. State Statistics Service of Ukraine, 2024. Available at: https://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/druk/publicat/kat_u/2024/zb/10/zb_Trans_23.pdf

Published

2026-06-17 — Updated on 2026-06-25

How to Cite

Поліщук, О. . (2026). Comparison of structural and flow-based approaches for vulnerability analysis of multilayer network systems. PHYSICO-MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND INFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES, (42), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.15407/fmmit2026.42.005