Hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials and its impact on electromagnetic devices

Abstract

Hysteresis is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in ferromagnetic materials when they are
exposed to external magnetic fields. It results from the inherent properties of magnetic domains,
which tend to align with an external field direction. However, when the field is removed, the
domains do not return to their initial state but retain a residual magnetization, which leads to the
formation of a hysteresis loop. This behavior can have a significant impact on the performance of
electromagnetic devices, which rely on magnetic fields for their operation. Hysteresis can cause
energy losses, reduced efficiency, and other undesired effects in devices such as transformers,
inductors, and electric motors